Contenuti per la categoria: Minoranze religiose

Comparare le sentenze in materia di diritto e religione nell'ascesa del populismo giudiziario. Il caso di studio della giurisprudenza sul kirpan in Italia e in Canada

ABSTRACT: Il saggio esplora il rapporto tra simboli religiosi e populismo giudiziario, concentrandosi sulla giurisprudenza relativa al kirpan in Italia e in Canada. In un'epoca di crescente populismo, i simboli religiosi possono essere utilizzati come strumenti di polarizzazione politica e per rinfocolarela narrazione "us-versus-them". La giurisprudenza italiana privilegia le esigenze di pubblica sicurezza rispetto alla libertà religiosa; la giurisprudenza canadese, invece, ammette il porto del kirpan, qualora siano soddisfatte alcune condizioni. L'ambiguità giuridica del kirpan non solo evidenzia la tensione tra libertà religiosa e sicurezza pubblica, ma anche riflette le sfide poste dalla convivenza di diverse identità in una società multiculturale.

ABSTRACT: This essay explores the intersection of religious symbols and judicial populism, focusing on the case-law related to the kirpan in Italy and Canada. In an era of rising populism, religious symbols become political tools, creating an “us-versus-them” narrative. The kirpan, a Sikh ritual dagger, can serve as a case-study for judicial populism, examining contrasting approaches in Italian and Canadian case-law. Italian case-law prioritizes public safety over religious freedom, while Canadian case-law adopts a nuanced approach, accommodating the wearing of the kirpan under some conditions. The kirpan’s legal ambiguity highlights the tension between religious freedom and public safety, reflecting the broader challenges of recognizing different identities in a multicultural society.

SUMMARY: 1. Religious symbols, populism, and judicial populism - 2. Methodology and research questions - 3. The kirpan as a case-study for judicial populism - 4. Judicial populism in action: the Italian case-law - 5. Precautions against judicial populism: the Canadian case-law - 6. Countering judicial populism.

The protection of the Islamic minority beyond religious freedom: legal pluralism and reasonable accommodation in Europe

ABSTRACT: In Europe's diverse societal landscape, the Islamic minority, or a significant portion thereof, seeks to navigate life under Sharia law, especially concerning family matters. Despite the fact that the application of Sharia law, where permitted, has demonstrated its ability to adapt to the legal context, as in the case of Islamic arbitration, in the case of family law, the perception of an irreducible contrast with the values of Western countries appears particularly strong producing an inevitable paradox in relation with freedom of religion that may be restricted by the legal system. The core paradox lies in the potential infringement on religious freedom if Muslims were asked to forsake religious tenets or practices that align with the foundational principles of the legal system. Modern legal frameworks are thus challenged to find methods to harmonize the identity assertions of Islamic communities with the safeguarding of individual rights within these communities. With no specific safeguards for religious minorities, this study scrutinizes jurisprudence on family law from selected European courts. The objective is to unearth effective legal tools that respect the Islamic community's minority religious identity while upholding the essential tenets of the legal system, fostering a balance between collective religious identity and individual rights protection in a multicultural Europe.

ABSTRACT: Nell'eterogeneo tessuto sociale dell'Europa, una parte rilevante della minoranza islamica aspira a condurre la propria vita secondo i precetti della Sharia, in particolare per quanto concerne le questioni di diritto di famiglia. Sebbene l'applicazione Sharia, laddove consentita, abbia dimostrato una capacità di adattamento al contesto giuridico europeo, come avviene nel caso dell'arbitrato islamico, la gestione delle questioni di carattere familiare può evidenziare percezioni che contrastano con il sistema di valori occidentali, generando un paradosso in relazione al rispetto della libertà religiosa. Tale paradosso emerge dalla potenziale violazione della libertà religiosa che si verificherebbe qualora fosse richiesto ai musulmani di abbandonare pratiche religiose che di fatto non si pongono in contrasto con i principi fondamentali dell’ordinamento giuridico. I moderni ordinamenti giuridici si trovano di fronte alla sfida di identificare modalità per conciliare le rivendicazioni identitarie delle comunità islamiche con la tutela dei diritti individuali. In assenza di garanzie specifiche per le minoranze religiose, questo studio si dedica all'analisi della giurisprudenza relativa al diritto di famiglia da parte di alcuni tribunali europei. L'obiettivo è quello di individuare strumenti giuridici efficaci che valorizzino l'identità religiosa minoritaria della comunità islamica, nel rispetto dei principi fondamentali dell’ordinamento, al fine di favorire un equilibrio tra l'identità religiosa collettiva e la protezione dei diritti individuali in un'Europa profondamente multiculturale.

SUMMARY: 1 - Religious minorities between cultural identity and religious freedom: preliminary remarks - 2. Legal Pluralism and Religious Pluralism: Protection tools for religious minorities - 3. Muslims of Europe - 4.- The Interaction Between Sharia and the Legal System of the State: Techniques of Reasonable Accommodation and Islamic Family Law - 5. The protection of the Islamic minority beyond religious freedom: concluding remarks.

La riforma del diritto di famiglia e delle Family courts nella Repubblica di Cipro

ABSTRACT: This essay addresses the 2023 amendments to Article 111 of the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as family law reforms in the light of the religious or belief minority rights protection, promotion, and implementation. In doing so, the article relies on the findings of the Atlas of Religious or Belief minority Rights research project. The aim is to highlight how the legal system of Cyprus is slowly detaching itself from the millet logic inherited from the Ottoman past and it is further aligning with European and international standards on the protection of minority rights in different policy areas, including family law and marriage. However, religious affiliation and religious legal systems still bear significance on some issues pertaining to family law, marriage, and dissolution of marriage.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Religious (and ethnic) affiliation in the “intractable” Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - 3. Family courts: Article 111 of the Constitution and the Orthodox Church - 4. The Family Courts of the Religious Groups - 5. The Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment and the recent family law reforms - 6. Concluding remarks.

Is it possible to measure religious or belief minority rights?

ABSTRACT: Is it possible to measure how much the legal systems of the European Union countries respect and promote the rights of religious or belief minorities? Based on the findings of the Atlas of religious or belief minority rights research project (https://atlasminorityrights.eu), this article answers the question in the affirmative. The paper is divided into three parts. The first briefly describes the methodology and techniques used to measure minority rights. They are determined by the answers given to some preliminary questions that are discussed in the second part of the contribution. The last section of the article outlines the purpose and value of measuring religious or belief minority rights.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La misurazione dei diritti delle minoranze di religione e convinzione - 3. L’oggetto e i confini della misurazione - 4. L’utilità della misurazione.

Religious freedom and reform (unfinished) of the penitentiary system

ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the possible alliance between religion and the re-educational finality of criminal sanctions in the actions of application of the art. 27, par. 3, of the Italian Constitution. The reflection also realizes a reconstruction of the legal discipline of religious freedom in the penitentiary system also with reference to the relationship with the security needs present in detention institutions. The final part is dedicated to the incomplete reform of the Italian penitentiary system in the part relating to religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’alleanza tra religione e finalità rieducativa delle pene nelle dinamiche di attuazione dell’art. 27 (terzo comma) della Costituzione - 2. La libertà religiosa nell’ordinamento penitenziario - 3. Esigenze di sicurezza e previsione di limiti ulteriori all’esercizio della libertà religiosa negli istituti penitenziari - 4. L’incompiuta riforma dell’ordinamento penitenziario nella parte relativa alla libertà religiosa.

Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.

Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.

La segregazione etnico-religiosa nel sistema educativo in Irlanda del Nord *

Ethnic-religious segregation in the education system of Northern Ireland

ABSTRACT: After many years of conflict, Northern Ireland still appears today as a deeply divided society that bears the marks of centuries of ethnic hostility with a strong religious connotation. The context in which, more than any other, the segregationist tension between the two communities, Protestant and Catholic, is still clearly perceivable is the education system, which is characterized by a significant separation of students according to their religious affiliation. The paper aims at reconstructing the origins and outlining the focal points of such an education system, which was recently brought to the attention of the Northern Ireland Supreme Court, with reference to discrimination against students belonging to other religions or beliefs.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Le origini del conflitto politico-religioso - 3. Le persistenti difficoltà politiche e le ricadute sui rapporti interconfessionali - 4. La segregazione scolastica - 5. Profili di discriminazione religiosa nell’accesso alla scuola - 6. La discriminazione nell’insegnamento della religione: la recente pronuncia della High Court of Justice of Northern Ireland - 7. Conclusioni.

The long road after WWII until today (1944-2023): from the reinstatement of the rights denied to Jews victim of the racist laws of fascist Italy to recovering the Memory of the Holocaust to fight against prejudice and antisemitism

ABSTRACT: This paper who served as a basis of the author’s speech at the official remembrance of the Holocaust at the residence of the President of the Republic of Italy (Quirinale palace) on 27 January 2023 examines the various phases of this process. First from 1944 to the mid-1980 the key element is the enactment of more that 90 pieces of legislation abrogating the antisemitic laws of 1938-45 and granting some compensation to the victims. In a second phase (until the end of the XX century) Judaism is recognized as religious entity with parity of rights as compared with the Catholic Church (the Agreement - “Intesa” - between the Italian State and the Union of Italian Jewish Communities of 1987) thus empowering Judaism in Italy to be an active and distinct contributor to Italy’s society. In that period the “Mancino law” of 1993 enacts criminal provisions to fight racism in Italy more effectively. The last phase from 2000 until to-day, witnesses, after the official recognition of the “Holocaust Remembrance Day” each 27 January (“Giorno della Memoria”) witnesses an engagement of Italian institutions to fight antisemitism through education and cultural initiatives.

SOMMARIO: 1. La reintegrazione nei diritti negati: un processo lungo e faticoso (1944-1987) - 2. Dal completamento del disegno costituzionale con l’intesa tra Stato e Comunità ebraiche (1987-89) alla repressione del razzismo con la “legge Mancino” (1993) - 3. La riflessione sulla Shoah quale insegnamento per l’oggi: il Giorno della Memoria (2000) - 4. La strategia europea contro le discriminazioni e l’antisemitismo: protezione ed educazione - 5. La strategia e le iniziative italiane - 6. In conclusione.

SOMMARIO - 1. L’emancipazione dei culti tollerati e la condizione giuridica degli ebrei piemontesi al momento dello Statuto Albertino - 2. Primi tentativi di riordino delle Università israelitiche (1849-1856) - 3. Il progetto di Riforma degli ordinamenti amministrativi ed economici del culto israelitico (1857) - 4. La Sinistra radicale in dissenso. Riccardo Sineo e i ‘diritti di libertà’ degli israeliti - 5. Alla ricerca di un juste milieu.

The Organic Law for the Piedmontese Israelite Communities of 1857. The debate and the choices of the Subalpine Parliament

ABSTRACT: This essay aims to reconstruct the story of the enactment of the organic law for Piedmont's Israelite Communities (n. 2325), which in 1857 the Subalpine Parliament approved at the end of a close political debate. In the aftermath of the emancipation - granted in 1848 by Charles Albert to the religious minorities, Waldensian and Israelite, present in the Kingdom of Sardinia - the leaders of the Israelite Communities asked the Savoy government to regulate by law the legal-administrative structure of the community institutions. It was only through a legislative measure, in fact, that the Israelite Communities would be able to retain the privilegia fisci, such as the right to levy taxes on their members and to collect communal taxes through tax-collecting rolls, which until then they had exercised under special pre-statutory provisions. The organic law passed by Parliament recognized the Israelite Communities as necessary corporations, each of which included all Jews residing in the municipality of erection, thus incardinating them into the order of the State, which exercised control and protection over them.