Contributi di Gloria M. Morán García

SUMARIO: - 1. Cuestión metodógica previa - 2. La crisis de los modelos tradicionales de comunidades religiosas a causa de los cambios en un mercado religioso cada vez más plural y competitivo - 3. La crisis de la edulcorada y estereotipada historia oficial de EUA y del americanismo como religión cívica - 4. El desarrollo de la religión cívica estadounidense y el papel político del evangelismo en ese proceso - 5. La evolución del evangelismo estadounidense y su influencia en los poderes Legislativo y Ejecutivo - 6. El papel del sionismo neo-evangelista en la política estadounidense - 7. Los lobbies religiosos indirectos en Estados Unidos y su papel en la política estadounidense mediante los religious advocacy groups y el National Prayer Breakfast - 8. Las contradicciones en los estándares elaborados por el USSC para una separación institucional Iglesia-Estado - 9. Conclusiones - Bibliografía.

Crisis of the Institutional Separation between Church and State in USA and the Emergence of Conservative Neo-evangelism in the Political Sphere

 ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the cumulative causes of the progressive decay in the institutional and jurisprudential separation between Church and State in the United States from an interdisciplinary methodological approach, including sociological, economic, historical, and political elements interacting with the American legal system. It reviews the changes in the American civic religion, the plural religious denominationalism facilitating a new religious market, the increasing entanglement between religion and politics, and the role of neo-evangelicalism in the elections and the US policies at domestic and international levels. It includes some changes in the US Supreme Court that facilitates increasing paradoxes in the First Amendment jurisprudence regarding the Free Exercise and Non-Establishment clauses.

SUMMARY: 1. Scholar challenges and epistemological pitfalls - 2. Traditional Muslim hermeneutics and the development of schools of Jurisprudence - 3. Jurist’s authority and ruler’s governance from a comparative perspective - 4. Muslim legal tradition of plural jurisdictions - 5. The open scholar question of reciprocal legal influences with other juridical systems - 6. Conclusive remarks.

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes several open scholar debates regarding the Muslim legal system, from the conventional narrative of its formation and the triumph of the Traditionalist movement to the disputed question of reciprocal legal influences with other religious and secular juridical systems. This research tries to avoid two epistemological risks: first, the dangers of a simplistic binary debate like traditionalists v. revisionists, religious v. secular, or even Sunnis v. Shiite reducing the analysis to an ideologically polarized and ineffective dispute; and second, the improper use of juridical neologisms applied to the Islamic legal system, mainly from codified European continental law and English common law as a result of the Orientalist, colonialist, and secularist mentalities that, instead clarification create confusion. From a hermeneutical point of view, two characteristics to keep in mind: 1) the notion of divine law and its legal implications; and 2) the relationship between law and theology that is not correlative to the connection between secular legislation and ideology. From a comparative point of view, three challenging questions to address: 1) the distinction between Usul al-fiqh and Usul al-qanun often blurred in practice showing the complexities of the relationship among religious, legal, and political structures under Muslim ruling; 2) the intertwined relationship among Sharia, fiqh, and siyasa with pre-Islamic administrative, legal, and judicial traditions; 3) Jurisdictional pluralism in the Islamic legal practice concerning non-Muslim minorities.

Summary: 1. The Challenges of Pluralistic Societies with Dissimilar Cultural Identities and Religious Traditions: from a Melting Pot to a Cultural Mosaic - 2. European Catholic Tradition of Dual Legislation and Jurisdiction: 2.1. The Development of the Religious Jurisdiction: from the Episcopalis Audientia under the Christian Roman Empire to the Homologation of Religious Decisions by a Civil Judge – 2.2. The Development of Secular and Religious Jurisdictions: from the Leges Barbarorum et Romanorum under the Principle of Personality to the Medieval Dual Jurisdiction in Europe – 2.3. Religious Minorities under Christian Rulers – 3. Muslim Legal Tradition of Plural Jurisdictions: 3.1. Muslim Empires and the Dhimma System – 3.2. Islamic Communities in Transition: from the Pre-colonial Era to the Colonial Rule – 3.3. The Exceptionality of Palestine and Israel- 4. Toward a Global World: Legal Pluralism and the Development of ADR. The Role of Religious Mediation and Arbitration: 4.1. The American Experience in Religious Arbitration: the Jewish Beth Din Courts and the Challenge of Islamic Arbitration – 4.2. Confronting the Fear of Islamic Arbitration Tribunals in the UK, Canada, and Australia - 5. Conclusions.

Abstract: Most of juridical systems are historically developed from the interaction of two main legal principles: the principle of personality and the principle of territoriality. Roman Law is one of the best examples of it; its legacy channeled the growth and coexistence of religious and secular jurisdictions in the Germanic kingdoms of Western Europe. Under the principle of personality of laws, bonding individuals to their cultural or religious communities, legal pluralism was the common grounds from the Antiquity to the pre-Modern era. However, as a result of the religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Protestants in the 16th and the 17th centuries, the Westphalian state model reinforced a territorial religious jurisdiction under the principle cuius regio eius religio, allowing the ruler to impose his religion on his subjects. The Muslim legal tradition developed, as well, plural juridical systems from the Dhimma System. One of them was the Ottoman Millet system that was adapted from the colonial era to the most of Middle East nation-states as a bonding personal religious law applied to non-Muslim communities. The secular paradigm of the Rule of Law, centralizing and reinforcing state and federal legislative powers, is implemented in Europe and her former colonies in the 19th century under the nation-state constitutional model, expanding worldwide the principles of territoriality and citizenship. As a result, religious legal systems are progressively confined to the private sphere. However, the secular paradigm is confronted gradually by a new development of legal pluralism, mainly as an effect of an extensive increment of global migrations; Halakha or Jewish Law, Canon Law or Catholic Law, Sharia or Islamic Law, are gaining strength as formal or informal religious ADR under the principle of Religious Freedom. Religious legal systems are becoming an innovative tool of mediation, conciliation, and arbitration accepted by some secular jurisdictions around the world, although there is a polarized debate about it. In today´s global world, which are the lessons to be learned from legal traditions and contemporary models of legal pluralism? Can religious legal systems become a tool of mediation for restorative justice preventing and exiting from violence? This article addresses this juridical and social challenge from an interdisciplinary comparative analysis.

SUMARIO: 1. Presupuestos teológicos y jurídicos esenciales en la estructura institucional de la Iglesia católica: Vertientes estática y dinámica de la Tradición, el Magisterio y el Derecho – 2. Transformación histórica de los modelos eclesiales y sus consecuencias en el desarrollo de la estructura institucional de la Iglesia católica – 3. El Concilio Vaticano II y la crisis de la Iglesia postconciliar: Dilemas entre restauración y renovación – 4. Evolución del magisterio eclesial de Benedicto XVI a Francisco. De la ortodoxia a la ortopráctica y las consecuencias del cambio de orientación magisterial desde la Encíclica Lumen Fidei de Francisco: a) Propuestas de reforma lege ferenda para un diálogo sobre la renovación eclesial; b) Revisiones en el CIC 1983 y en la estructura jurídica de la Iglesia católica; c) Las reformas más reclamadas y rechazadas en el ámbito personal.

Structural Challenges of the Catholic Church in the 21st Century. Reflections on church models and the evolution of the Tradition, the Magisterium, and the Law of the Catholic Church

CONTENT: 1. Theological and legal elements essential in the institutional structure of the Catholic Church: static and dynamic aspects of the Tradition, the Magisterium, and the Law – 2. Historical transformation of ecclesial models and their consequences for the development of the institutional structure of the Catholic Church – 3. The II Vatican Council and the post-council Church crisis: Dilemmas between restoration and renovation – 4. Evolution of the Magisterium from Benedict XVI to Francis. From Orthodoxy to Orthopraxis and the new teaching orientations since the Encyclical Lumen Fidei of Pope Francis: a) Suggested Lege ferenda reforms for a dialogue on the renovation of the Church; b) Suggested revisions in the CIC 1983 and the legal structure of the Catholic Church; c) Most reclaimed and rejected reforms in the personal sphere.

ABSTRACT: This article is focused on the review of religious equality and the role of women in some Christian churches since the 70´s. The author examines the incorporation of women into the Holy Orders, priesthood and episcopate, and the challenges and crisis faced by those churches, mostly the Episcopalian, the Anglican and the Lutheran. In some cases such incorporation of women into priesthood and episcopate has provoked conflicts and even schisms in the most conservative communities, like in some branches of the Anglican Church. This article also explores the official position of the Catholic Church authorities, mainly Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, and Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and their documents issued on this matter. At the same time it analyzes the Canon Law legislation restricting to baptized males alone the valid sacred ordination, and its consequences. Specifically the canonical crime of attempted ordination of a woman to Holy Orders, which was introduced by the General Decree promulgated by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 19 December 2007. Pope Benedict XVI decided to include this canonical offense, among the delicta graviora reserved to the competence of the Congregation. Finally the author suggests feasible perspectives and possibilities during the present Papacy of Francis regarding to the access of women to the permanent diaconate.

SUMARIO: A. Presupuestos: 1. El fracaso de las repúblicas árabes del siglo XX, emigración y expansión de la cultura musulmana en Occidente - 2. Islam, diversidad geográfico-cultural, emergencia del islamismo político e identidad musulmana en Occidente – B. Islam y educación pública en algunos países europeos. La experiencia macro-comparada desde su particular legado religioso y político: 1. Austria, Alemania y Suiza – 2. Dinamarca, Noruega, Suecia, Holanda y Reino Unido – 3. España e Italia – C. Conclusión: Laicidad estatal y educación religiosa islámica: ¿valores incompatibles?

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Failure of Arab republics in XX Century, migration and expansion of Muslim culture in the West. Islam, cultural-geographical diversity, emergence of political Islam and Muslim identity in the West. Islam and public education in European countries: Macro-comparative experience from its particular religious and political legacy. Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Holland and United Kingdom. Spain and Italy. Conclusion: Secular state and Muslim religious education: Incompatible values?

SUMARIO: 1. Premisa metodológica – 2. Presupuestos teológicos y jurídicos: justicia, caridad y mediación – 3. El episcopado y la tutela de los fieles: la mediación episcopal – 4. La canonización jurídica y la mediación en el ámbito canónico – 5- La actividad administrativa en la Iglesia Católica y la figura del Defensor del fiel – 6. Los conflictos en la comunidad católica y las vías alternativas al proceso canónico.

SUMMARY: 1. Power of media in the society and the need of legal control – 2. Scope of control. Defining the limits of legal control in US and Europe: public morality and protection of minors, libel, hate speech and censorship – 3. Public and Private Broadcasting and the new challenges of the satellite and Digital Era regarding to religion – 4. Suggested Bibliography – 5. Abstract.